Industrial Unit Converter

ACFM to SCFM Calculator | Free Online Calculator

ACFM (Actual Cubic Feet per Minute) is the volumetric flow rate measured at the actual site...

CFM to kg/hr Calculator | Air Mass Flow Conversion

Mass flow rate (kg/hr) is the actual quantity of air moving per unit time, independent of...

CFM to L/s Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 cubic foot = 28.316846592 L = 0.028316846592 m³ (since 1 ft = 0.3048 m exactly per the 1959...

CFM to LPM Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 cubic foot equals 28.316846592 liters exactly, defined by the international yard agreement of 1959...

CFM to m³/h Converter | Free Online Calculator

The conversion from cubic feet per minute (CFM) to cubic meters per hour (m³/h) derives from the...

Compressed Air Flow to HP Calculator | Free Online Calculator

The '4 SCFM per HP' rule of thumb for industrial compressed air at 100 psig is the cumulative result...

ICFM to SCFM Converter | Free Online Calculator

ICFM (Inlet Cubic Feet per Minute) is the actual volumetric flow of gas at the compressor inlet...

LPM to CFM Converter | Liters/Min to Cubic Feet/Min

1 L/min = 0.0353146667 CFM. The conversion chain: 1 L = 0.001 m³ exactly (by SI definition), 1 m³ =...

Nm³/h to SCFH Converter | Free Online Calculator

Nm³/h (Normal cubic meters per hour) and SCFH (Standard cubic feet per hour) are both volumetric...

SCFH to SCFM Converter | Free Online Calculator

SCFH (Standard Cubic Feet per Hour) and SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) both measure gas flow...

SCFM to ACFM Calculator | Altitude & Temperature Correction

SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) is the gas flow at standard reference conditions, with the...

SCFM to CFM Converter | Free Online Calculator

SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) is volumetric flow corrected to defined standard conditions of...

ACFM to ICFM Converter | Free Online Calculator

ACFM (Actual Cubic Feet per Minute) and ICFM (Inlet Cubic Feet per Minute) are both volumetric flow...

Air Consumption Calculator (SCFM) | Free Online Calculator

Pneumatic cylinder air consumption is computed from the piston swept volume per cycle times the...

CFM to m³/min Converter | Air Flow Free Online

1 CFM = 0.0283168466 m³/min exactly, derived from 1 ft³ = 0.0283168466 m³ (since 1 ft = 0.3048 m...

Cylinder Air Consumption (SCFM) Calculator | Free Online

Double-acting pneumatic cylinders consume compressed air on both the extend and retract strokes,...

Leak Rate SCFM to CFM Converter | Free Online Calculator

Leak rate measurements in compressed air systems are reported in SCFM (standard cubic feet per...

m³/min to CFM Converter | Air Flow Free Online

1 m³/min = 35.314666721 CFM. The factor comes from: 1 m³ = 35.314666721 ft³ (since 1 m =...

NCFM to SCFM Converter | Free Online Calculator

NCFM (Normal Cubic Feet per Minute) and SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute) are both volumetric...

Orifice Flow to SCFM Calculator | Free Online Calculator

The orifice flow equation for compressed air uses the compressible Bernoulli principle with a...

Sm³/h to m³/h Converter | Free Online Calculator

Sm³/h (Standard cubic meters per hour) and m³/h (actual cubic meters per hour) describe the same...

Bar to Meters Head Calculator | Pump Curve & SG Adjustment

1 bar = 10.1974 meters of water column, derived from the hydrostatic pressure equation P = ρ × g ×...

Feet of Head to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

Pressure at the bottom of a liquid column depends on the height of the column and the density of the...

GPM to L/s Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 US gallon equals 3.785412 liters. Converting per-minute to per-second involves dividing by 60. So...

GPM to LPM Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 US gallon = 3.785411784 L exactly (since 1 US gal = 231 in³ and 1 in = 0.0254 m exactly per the...

GPM to m³/h Converter | Free Online Calculator

One US gallon equals exactly 0.003785411784 cubic meters, a definition traceable to NIST and...

Imperial GPM to US GPM Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 Imperial gallon = 4.54609 liters exactly, while 1 US gallon = 3.785411784 liters exactly. The...

LPM to GPM Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 US gallon equals 3.785411784 liters, so 1 L/min = 1/3.785411784 gal/min = 0.2641720524 GPM. The...

m³/h to GPM Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 cubic meter equals 264.172 US gallons. Converting the hourly rate to per-minute gives a factor of...

PSI to Feet of Head Converter | Free Online Calculator

Pump performance curves are almost universally presented in feet (or meters) of head rather than...

Pump Head Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Pump head, formally known as Total Dynamic Head (TDH), quantifies the net mechanical energy imparted...

Head Loss to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

Head loss in a piping system represents the mechanical energy lost to friction as fluid flows...

NPSH Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHa) is the absolute pressure at the pump suction port,...

NPSHa Calculator | Free Online Calculator

NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head Available) quantifies how much pressure margin exists above the...

Pump Affinity Law Calculator | Free Online Calculator

The pump affinity laws describe how centrifugal (rotodynamic) pump performance changes with impeller...

Pump Efficiency Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Pump hydraulic efficiency (η) is the ratio of useful hydraulic power delivered to the fluid —...

Specific Speed Pump Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Specific speed (N_s) is a dimensionless index that characterizes the geometry and performance of a...

Suction Head to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

Suction head is the height of liquid column above (positive head) or below (suction lift) the pump...

Water Horsepower Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Water horsepower (WHP) is the theoretical hydraulic power transferred from the pump to the fluid. It...

Bar to Atmospheres Converter | Free Online Calculator

The bar and the standard atmosphere (atm) are nearly equivalent — the difference is only 1.325%. 1...

Bar to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

The bar is a metric pressure unit defined as exactly 100,000 pascals (100 kPa or 0.1 MPa). It is not...

Inches of Mercury to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 inch of mercury = 0.491154077 psi, derived from the hydrostatic pressure of a 1-inch column of...

Inches of Water to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

One inch of water column (inH₂O, also written as in.w.c. or in.wg) at 4°C equals exactly 0.0361263...

kPa to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 kPa = 0.1450377 psi, derived from 1 Pa = 1 N/m² and 1 psi = 6,894.757 Pa (1 lbf/in²). The exact...

MPa to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 megapascal equals exactly 145.0377377 psi. This factor comes from the SI definition of pressure as...

PSI to Bar Calculator | Free Pressure Converter (0.06895×)

1 pound per square inch (psi) equals 0.0689476 bar, derived from the relationship 1 bar = 100,000 Pa...

psi to inH₂O Converter | Inches of Water Free Online

1 psi = 27.6806726 inH₂O at 4°C (39.2°F, water's maximum density) under standard gravity. The...

PSI to kPa Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 psi = 6.894757293168 kPa, exactly derivable from the relationship 1 psi = 6,894.757293168 Pa...

PSI to MPa Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 psi = 0.00689476 MPa exactly, derived from 1 psi = 6,894.757 Pa and 1 MPa = 10⁶ Pa, giving...

PSIA to PSIG Converter | Free Online Calculator

PSIA (pounds per square inch absolute) is the pressure referenced to a perfect vacuum (0 PSIA = no...

PSIG to PSIA Converter | Free Online Calculator

PSIG (pounds per square inch gauge) measures pressure relative to local atmospheric pressure — a...

Torr to psi Converter | Vacuum Pressure Free Online

1 Torr = 1/760 of a standard atmosphere exactly (by definition), and 1 atm = 14.695948775 psi....

bar to kg/cm² Converter | Pressure Free Online

1 bar = 100,000 Pa by definition. 1 kg/cm² (more precisely, 1 kgf/cm², kilograms-force per square...

inHg Vacuum to atm Converter | Free Online Calculator

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 29.9213 inHg exactly (by definition of the standard...

kg/cm² to bar Converter | Pressure Free Online

1 kg/cm² (kgf/cm²) = 98,066.5 Pa, and 1 bar = 100,000 Pa exactly. Therefore 1 kg/cm² = 98,066.5 /...

kg/cm² to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 kgf/cm² (kilogram-force per square centimeter) = 14.2233 psi exactly, derived from 1 kgf = 9.80665...

mmHg to PSI Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 mmHg = 0.0193368 psi exactly, derived from the hydrostatic pressure equation P = ρ × g × h using...

psi to mmHg Converter | Pressure Free Online

1 psi = 51.7149 mmHg (conventional millimeters of mercury). Since 1 standard atmosphere = 14.69595...

psi to Torr Converter | Pressure to Vacuum Free Online

1 psi = 51.71493257 Torr exactly (since 760 Torr / 14.695948775 psi = 51.7149). The psi-to-torr...

Torr to mbar Converter | Free Online Calculator

The torr is a pressure unit defined as exactly 1/760 of standard atmosphere (101,325 Pa), giving 1...

BTU/hr to kW Calculator (×0.000293) | Chiller & Boiler Converter

1 BTU per hour equals 0.000293071 kW. A British Thermal Unit (BTU) is defined as the amount of heat...

BTU/hr to Watts Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 BTU/hr = 0.293071 W exactly, derived from 1 BTU (International Table) = 1,055.05585262 J and 1...

CFM per Ton Converter | Free Online Calculator

The 400 CFM per ton rule of thumb in HVAC derives directly from the psychrometric heat balance of...

EER to kW/Ton Calculator | HVAC Efficiency Converter

EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) is the cooling capacity in BTU per hour divided by the electrical...

FPM to m/s Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 foot per minute = 0.00508 meters per second, derived from 1 ft = 0.3048 m (1959 international yard...

kW to BTU/hr Converter | Free Online Calculator

1 kW equals exactly 3,412.141156 BTU per hour. The conversion factor traces back to the definitions...

m/s to FPM Calculator (×196.85) | Duct Velocity & HVAC Tool

1 m/s = 196.8504 fpm exactly, derived from 1 m = 3.28084 ft and 1 minute = 60 seconds, giving...

Refrigeration Tons to kW Converter | Free Online Calculator

One refrigeration ton (RT) equals 3.51685 kW. This unit traces its origin to the 19th-century ice...

Sensible Heat Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Sensible heat is the portion of the cooling (or heating) load that changes the air temperature,...

ACH to CFM Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Air Changes per Hour (ACH) is a dilution ventilation metric that expresses how many times the entire...

Air Changes Per Hour (ACH) Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Air Changes Per Hour (ACH) is the number of times the total air volume in a room or zone is replaced...

Duct Velocity to CFM Calculator | Free Online Calculator

The fundamental relationship between air velocity and volumetric flow: CFM = Velocity × Area. If air...

HVAC Load Calculator (Tons) | Free Online Calculator

HVAC cooling load in refrigeration tons is the total heat removal rate of the cooling coil,...

Latent Heat Calculator | Free Online Calculator

Latent heat in HVAC is the energy associated with moisture removal (or addition) to the air,...

Static Pressure to CFM Calculator | Free Online Calculator

This formula converts a static pressure differential across a known opening or flow resistance into...

Wet Bulb to Relative Humidity Calculator | Free Online Calculator

The wet bulb temperature is the temperature a parcel of air reaches when it is cooled adiabatically...

Fahrenheit to Rankine Converter | °F to °R Free Online

Convert Fahrenheit to Rankine by adding 459.67 to the °F value. Rankine (°R) is the...

Rankine to Fahrenheit Converter | °R to °F Free Online

Convert Rankine to Fahrenheit by subtracting 459.67. Rankine is the absolute temperature scale...

Rankine to Kelvin Converter | °R to K Free Online

Convert Rankine to Kelvin by dividing by 1.8 (exact, since 1 °R = 1.8 K). The two scales share the...

Celsius to Rankine Converter | °C to °R Free Online

Convert Celsius to Rankine by first adding 273.15 to get Kelvin, then multiplying by 1.8. The...

Kelvin to Rankine Converter | K to °R Free Online

Convert Kelvin to Rankine by multiplying by 1.8 (exact). K = °R ÷ 1.8 is the inverse. Use this to...

Rankine to Celsius Converter | °R to °C Free Online

Convert Rankine to Celsius by dividing by 1.8 to get Kelvin, then subtracting 273.15. Used to...

BTU to Joules Converter | to kJ Free Online

The International Table BTU (BTU_IT) is defined as exactly 1,055.05585262 joules per ISO 31-4 (now...

BTU to MMBTU Converter | Million BTU Free Online

The BTU (British Thermal Unit) to MMBTU conversion is division by one million: MMBTU = BTU ÷...

Joules to BTU Converter | kJ to BTU Free Online

1 kJ = 0.947817 BTU (using the International Table BTU = 1,055.05585262 J). The conversion is BTU =...

kcal to kJ Converter | Kilocalories to Kilojoules

1 kcal (thermochemical kilocalorie) = 4.184 kJ exactly, per the ISO 31-4 standard. The...

kJ to kcal Converter | Kilojoules to Kilocalories

1 kJ = 1 / 4.184 = 0.2390057 kcal. This is the reverse of the kcal-to-kJ conversion and uses the...

MBH to kW Converter | BTU/hr to Kilowatt Free Online

MBH = thousands of BTU per hour. The 'M' is the Roman numeral for 1,000 (mille). So 1 MBH = 1,000...

MMBTU to BTU Converter | Million BTU Free Online

1 MMBTU = 1,000,000 BTU exactly. This is the most straightforward energy conversion: multiply by one...

MMBTU to kWh Converter | Natural Gas to Electricity

1 MMBTU = 1,000,000 BTU. 1 kWh = 3,412.141156 BTU. Therefore 1 MMBTU = 1,000,000 / 3,412.141156 =...

Therms to kWh Converter | Natural Gas Energy Free Online

1 therm = 100,000 BTU exactly, and 1 kWh = 3,412.14156 BTU (International Table per ASTM C1100 and...

kcal/mol to kJ/mol Converter | Thermochemical Free

The kcal/mol to kJ/mol conversion is the same factor as kcal to kJ: multiply by 4.184. This is...

kJ/mol to kcal/mol Converter | Chemical Energy Free

1 kJ/mol = 1 / 4.184 = 0.239006 kcal/mol. This reverse conversion appears when modern SI-based...

kW to MBH Converter | Kilowatt to BTU/hr Free Online

kW to MBH is the reverse of the MBH-to-kW conversion: MBH = kW × 3.41214. Since 1 kW = 3,412.14...

kWh to MJ Converter | Kilowatt-Hours to Megajoules

1 kWh = 1,000 J/s × 3,600 s = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 MJ exactly. Multiply kWh by 3.6 to get MJ. This is...

kWh to MMBTU Converter | Electricity to Gas Units

1 kWh = 3,412.141156 BTU (International Table), and 1 MMBTU = 1,000,000 BTU. Therefore 1 kWh =...

kWh to Therms Converter | Electricity to Gas Free Online

1 kWh = 3,412.14156 BTU (International Table), and 1 therm = 100,000 BTU exactly. Therefore 1 kWh =...

MJ to kWh Converter | Megajoules to Kilowatt-Hours

1 kWh = 1,000 W × 3,600 s = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 MJ exactly. Therefore 1 MJ = 1 / 3.6 = 0.27778 kWh....

Brix to Specific Gravity Converter | Free Online Calculator

The Brix-to-SG conversion uses the ICUMSA Method GS4-13 polynomial, which models the relationship...

kg/m³ to lb/ft³ Converter | Density Free Online

1 kg/m³ = 0.06242796 lb/ft³. The exact factor comes from: 1 kg = 2.20462262184878 lb (by the exact...

lb/ft³ to kg/m³ Converter | Density Free Online

1 lb/ft³ = 16.01846337 kg/m³ exactly, derived from the exact definitions: 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg and 1...

mg/m³ to ppm Converter | Air Quality Free Online

The conversion from mg/m³ (mass concentration) to ppm (volumetric concentration) is gas-specific...

ppm to mg/m³ Converter | Gas Concentration Free Online

This is the reverse of the mg/m³ to ppm conversion: mg/m³ = (ppm × MW) / V_molar, where V_molar is...

Specific Gravity to Brix Converter | Free Online Calculator

The SG-to-Brix conversion is the inverse of the ICUMSA Method GS4-13 polynomial. The ICUMSA...

Brix to Baumé Converter | Sugar Industry Calculator

The Baumé scale is used in the sugar industry, syrup production, and pickle/brine manufacturing. For...

Cv to GPM Converter | Valve Flow to Water Flow | ISA 75.01

Per ISA 75.01-2012, the relationship between valve flow coefficient Cv and the resulting water flow...

Cv to Kv Converter | US to Metric Valve Coefficient

Per ISA 75.01 Annex D and IEC 60534-2-1, the conversion from US Cv (GPM at 1 psi ΔP) to metric Kv...

GPM to Cv Converter | Water Flow to Required Valve Cv | ISA 75.01

Per ISA 75.01-2012, the required Cv for a target water flow is: Cv = GPM / √(ΔP / SG). This is the...

Kv to Cv Converter | Metric to US Valve Coefficient

Per ISA 75.01 Annex D and IEC 60534-2-1, the conversion between metric Kv (m³/h at 1 bar ΔP, water...

Valve Cv Calculator (Gas) | ISA 75.01 Compressible Gas Sizing

Per ISA 75.01-2012, the gas Cv formula is: Cv = Q / (N × P1 × Y × √(x × M × T1 × Z / SG)). Q is flow...

Valve Cv Calculator (Steam) | ISA 75.01 Saturated Steam Sizing

Per ISA 75.01-2012, the saturated steam Cv formula is: Cv = W / (K × P1 × Y × √(x × M × T1 × Z /...

Valve Cv Calculator (Water) | ISA 75.01 Full Liquid Sizing

Per ISA 75.01-2012, the full liquid Cv formula for water and low-viscosity fluids is Cv = GPM /...

Flow Regime Calculator | Laminar, Transitional, Turbulent | Re

This calculator combines the Reynolds number formula with the regime classification. Per White's...

Friction Factor Calculator | Moody Chart, Colebrook-White, Swamee-Jain

The Darcy friction factor f relates pressure drop to flow via the Darcy-Weisbach equation: hf = f ×...

Reynolds Number Calculator | Re = ρVD/μ | Multi-Unit

The Reynolds number Re is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in a fluid flow, defined as...

Reynolds Number for Air Calculator | Sutherland Viscosity

Air Reynolds number is calculated identically to other fluids, but air's viscosity and density...

Reynolds Number Pipe Flow Calculator | Schedule + GPM

This calculator combines pipe schedule lookup (D = inside diameter for the selected schedule and...

Boiler Efficiency Calculator | Direct + Indirect (Heat Loss) Methods

Boiler efficiency is calculated two ways per ASME PTC 4. 1) Direct (input-output) method: η =...

Steam Quality Calculator | Dryness Fraction | IAPWS-IF97

Steam quality x (also called dryness fraction) is the mass fraction of saturated vapor in a...

HP to kW Calculator (x0.7457) | Horsepower to Kilowatts

1 mechanical horsepower (HP) equals 0.7456999 kilowatts (kW) per NIST Special Publication 811, the...

kW to Amps Calculator | Single & Three Phase

The kW to amps conversion answers the fundamental question every electrical engineer faces when...

kW to HP Calculator (x1.34102) | Motor Power Converter

1 kilowatt (kW) equals 1.34102 mechanical horsepower (HP). Horsepower was defined by James Watt in...

3 Phase Power Calculator | kW, Amps, Voltage, PF

Three-phase power is the universal standard for industrial, commercial, and utility electrical...

Amp Hours (Ah) to kWh Calculator | Battery Capacity

Amp-hours (Ah) measures electric charge -- the quantity of electrons a battery can deliver over...

HP to Amps Calculator | Motor Full Load Current

The HP to amps conversion is the foundational motor circuit calculation in North American electrical...

kVA to kW Calculator (xPF) | Apparent to Real Power

kVA (kilovolt-amperes) measures apparent power -- the total electrical power that must be supplied...

kW to kVA Calculator (/PF) | Real to Apparent Power

kW to kVA conversion is the essential first calculation in sizing every piece of AC electrical...

kWh to Amp Hours (Ah) Calculator | Battery Sizing

Converting kilowatt-hours (kWh) to amp-hours (Ah) is the core calculation for translating an energy...

Power Factor Calculator | kW, kVA, kVAR & Phase Angle

Power factor (PF) is the ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) in an AC circuit. PF = kW...

kVA to Amps Calculator | Single & Three Phase

The kVA to amps conversion is the cornerstone of transformer and generator specification,...

Motor Full Load Amps (FLA) Calculator | NEC 430.250

Motor Full Load Amps (FLA) is the steady-state current a motor draws when operating at its rated...

Power Factor Correction Calculator | Capacitor Bank kVAr

Power factor correction capacitor sizing is a standard industrial electrical engineering calculation...

Voltage Drop Calculator | NEC & IEEE 141

Voltage drop is the reduction in voltage along a conductor as current flows through it, dictated by...

Wire Size Calculator (NEC 310.16) | AWG & kcmil Ampacity

Wire size selection is a two-constraint optimization problem: the conductor must satisfy BOTH (1)...

12V Wire Size Calculator | DC Cable Sizing for Auto, RV & Solar

12V DC wire sizing is fundamentally a voltage-drop-driven calculation, not an ampacity-limited one....

DC Voltage Drop Calculator | 12V/24V/48V Solar & Automotive

DC voltage drop is the purest application of Ohm's Law to conductor sizing: with no reactance, no...

Ground Wire Size Calculator (NEC 250.122)

The equipment grounding conductor (EGC) -- commonly called the 'ground wire' -- is the safety...

Motor Wire Size Calculator (NEC 430.22)

Motor circuit conductor sizing is governed by NEC Article 430, which has specific, different rules...

Resistor Voltage Drop Calculator | Ohm's Law Series Circuits

The voltage drop across a resistor is the most fundamental calculation in electronics: a resistor...

Electricity Cost Calculator | kWh to Dollars

Electricity cost calculation bridges the gap between a piece of equipment's nameplate wattage and...

EV Charging Cost Calculator | Electric Car Charge Cost

Charging an electric vehicle costs far less per mile than fueling a gasoline car — typically 2.5-4x...

Generator Sizing Calculator | Standby & Prime Power (kW/kVA)

Generator sizing is a multi-constraint optimization problem balancing steady-state running load,...

Heating Fuel Cost Calculator | Gas vs Electric vs Oil vs Propane

Comparing heating fuel costs on an apples-to-apples basis requires converting all fuels to a common...

Whole House Generator Sizing Calculator | Residential Standby

Whole-house generator sizing for residential standby power ensures all home systems remain...